Payouts for Blackjack and Insurance are the same as with regular Blackjack. Spanish 21 is a variation of blackjack, that in some cases is the best bet in the casino. The chart lists all the possible combinations of the player’s hand. Check Details. Aug 23, 2005 #4. You can imagine how bad it gets in Spanish 21, which calls for. Also double down with 9 if the dealer up card is a 3, 4, 5 or 6. Double down if you have a hand of 11. BONUS PAYOUT HANDS. Play one hand at a time rather than multiple hands at once so you can concentrate all your efforts on that one hand, thereby increasing your chances of winning. Michael: As I have said I have spent a lot of hours playing Spanish 21 in Atlantic City. Simplified Spanish 21 Strategy of Arnold. Blackjack expected Returns for eight decks, dealer hits on soft 17. The strategy charts used on the HitOrSplit Spanish 21 trainer can be interpreted with the key below. I’d use it just to brush up on basic strategy whenever I’d take a long break from. They cover every possible scenario for a given game and tell you which move to utilize for a particular situation. Nevertheless, players should be aware that. g. This is especially good for card counting – the fewer decks used, the easier it is to keep track of cards. Thorp first published Beat the Dealer, online blackjack did not exist so his optimal play strategies weren’t created with the Internet in mind. If. Some of the basic strategy for Spanish 21 is the same (or at least similar) to the basic strategy for any blackjack game. Strategy. For example, in today's shoe games, we know that blindly Splitting. By playing the perfect basic strategy as detailed abov,e and provided you play the Microgaming variant, the house edge for Spanish 21 is as low as 0. The (composition-dependant) Basic Strategy Charts are actually too extensive for a tourist. It’s pretty close in blackjack compared to. A summary of Microgaming rules is below: Unique Rules -- Played with 48-card decks with 10s (10s, not face cards) removed, Player BJ beats dealer BJ, Player 21 beats dealer 21, Double on any number of cards, Re-double down once, Surrender after doubling down Spanish 21. Standard blackjack doesn’t feature many side bets Spanish 21 does, so the basic strategy differs between the two. 2. I recreated the basic strategy chart in excel with colors, and would just draw it every day and paste it into a sheet with the correct chart next to it. Spanish 21 is a blackjack variant owned by Masque Publishing Inc. In this series he'll take you through basic strategy, card counting, and bankroll management. This is basic strategy for a multiple-deck game, dealer stands on soft 17, late surrender, doubling after splits and doubling on any two cards is allowed. 5%; how much exactly depends on the rules. The strategies to play Spanish 21 is very close to that of blackjack. By playing the perfect basic strategy as detailed abov,e and provided you play the Microgaming variant, the house edge for Spanish 21 is as low as 0. Here’s the gist. Using the Basic Strategy Chart The Order of Decisions: How to Practice Basic Strategy: Simplified Basic Strategy. This article concentrates on those differences and assumes you know the basic rules of Blackjack. Using The Basic Blackjack Strategy Chart For Instant Decision Making. Spanish 21 Basic Strategy The game Spanish 21 is a variation of. On what hands should you rescue a double down (when dealer stands soft 17 games)? Wizard of Odds basic strategy table only says to surrender on a Hard 17 against dealer A. Payouts for Blackjack and Insurance are the same as with regular Blackjack. For every decision to hit, stand, double, or split, the strategy game tells you if you made the correct play. Basic strategy also provides information on insurance, even money, early surrender, and late surrender. The following is a key to the table. Cut card used. This creates a 48-card deck, which supplies players more possibilities to win. In both places the A stands for ace. The best way to learn basic blackjack strategy is. I have rarely seen it over the years. There are a few other scenarios where splitting is the correct move. It contains many visual scenarios and a color coded strategy chart to help you grasp the basic strategy of the game. Snyder in his book (The Big Book of Blackjack); he had made an attempt to explain its main aspects for average players to understand it and introduced 15 basic steps to do during the game. Because of how the house edge works, though, the chance to win is never strictly 50%. The basic. However, unlike other games, it excludes all suited 10 cards. Reprinted countless times, Thorp's Blackjack Basic Strategy chart is a useful tool for knowing when to hit, stand, split, or double down. The object of the game is to beat the dealer’s hand without going over 21 points. blackjack super 7s. This is also called the splitting pairs strategy. If the player has 21, their hand always supersedes the dealer’s 21; The house edge falls in the range of 0. Without applying basic strategy, the house advantage can go as high as 0. $19. Basic strategy suggests never to split a pair of Fives. Member List; Forum Actions. However, if you do double, and you end up with less than 17, it would not be correct to surrender, because you will win (ie the dealer will bust) more than 25% of the time, which is the cut-off for surrendering. See moreGet the Proper Spanish 21 Strategy Chart. 17 through 21 always stand, regardless of the dealer's up card. Blackjack is more popular. Spanish Blackjack has many rule differences from traditional blackjack. Double sided with the basic strategy chart on the front, and a legend with addition game information on the back. Not Using Basic Strategy. Hard Hands. Those combinations are: 5 Card 21: Pays 3-2. Also do not go in with the idea that what basic strategy does for standard blackjack will do the same in game of Spanish 21. This bet wins if the player's hand matches dealer's cards in rank or in rank and suit. Basic strategies for Spanish 21 are complex, but widely available. The original game from the 17th century had a huge house edge percentage. This means removing certain cards impacts the house edge by a lot. There are two completely different blackjack variants known as Pontoon. Spanish 21 basic strategy card blackjack apprenticeship spanish 21 Insurance. No Download Spanish 21. Assign a value to every card. Spanish 21 has the same object with all other blackjack variations: to beat a dealer without exceeding 21 points; the basic rules of the game and card values are also the same with a traditional blackjack. Split 2s and 3s against a dealer 4-7, and against a 2 or 3 if DAS is allowed. Differences vs. Also, don’t forget to use the Spanish 21 chart for play decisions, Specifically, do NOT play this game the same as regular BJ - that will give the house an extra 2-3% house edge. I fully agree with EmeraldCityBJ. The hard totals are displayed at the top. If you don’t learn basic strategy, you might as well be playing a game with a higher house edge—like roulette, for example. Feb 28, 2008 #43. This is the usual approach to developing the basic strategy. And as with blackjack, there are strategy sheets for the outcomes possible in Spanish 21. Mark Forums ReadBlackjack and Spanish 21 are two of the most popular casino games in the world. That is because the average odds on the dealer getting blackjack after an initial ace are 9/4, or around 30%. This is everything you could ever need to know about Spanish 21, and Pontoon, as it is called in Australia. See 5-5-5-5. If you will get eight, seven and six of spades, then your bonus worth will 3:1. In addition an infinite deck model was created in Excel, of which the basic strategy nearly agreed with that of the combinatorial model. Basic strategy is a term used to describe the best blackjack strategy (or best Spanish 21 strategy) for non card counters. If your hand has less than a 50 percent. A 6-deck H17 Spanish 21 has a house edge of 0. Spanish 21 has an attractive side bet, Match the Dealer, and we know side bets are rarely profitable. Below are all of the rules, I hope I did not miss any. It is a great game for anyone who enjoys blackjack but wants to try something new. Hard 10: Double down if the dealer shows. All suited 10 cards are excluded from the game. 4. 89%-0. According to Traditional blackjack the payouts are as follows: 1 non-suited match pays 4 to 1; 2 non-suited matches pay 8 to 1; One suited match pays 11 to 1. By. Read this guide to learn everything you need to know about numbers and counting in Spanish—numbers from 1 to 1 billion, grammar rules for using numbers in sentences, ordinal numbers and more. 45% and 0. 49%. Spanish 21 ‘how to play’ guidelines primarily note that these decks are missing the 10-card in all suits. 21. As mentioned earlier, the foundations of Spanish 21 are still deeply rooted in blackjack gameplay. The dealer does not make decisions, and all crucial moves and gameplay are solely up to the player. Perfect Pairs – bet pays out if the player is dealt two of a kind. Spanish 21 – 6/8 decks of cards are used in Spanish 21. I may want to try this if I sit down at a Spanish 21 table since the basic strategy is pretty bizarre. Spanish 21 offers greater flexibility here. CHARTS: 1. For example, Spanish 21 consists of eight decks and different game rules to standard eight deck games. Blackjack may be played with one to eight decks of 52-card decks. 11: Value and strategy for 678 and 777 bonuses; 12: Risk of ruin statistics; 13: Probabilities in the first four cards; 14: Value of each initial player card; 15: House edge using total-dependent vs. Knowing these numbers, the best possible way to play Spanish 21 is with a six-deck shoe while the dealer must stand on soft 17. This is an especially smart idea in this game, because the odds are sometimes even better than in standard blackjack, with house edges of less than 0. Basic Strategy Card For Blackjack; Description This 3. Applying the perfect Spanish 21 strategy results in considerably. You have a substantial bankroll of discretionary funds that you are able to put at risk. It is a strategy which maximizes the player’s expectation given only knowledge of the player’s hand and the dealer’s up-card. You are willing and able to learn a complex Basic Strategy and a simple Card Counting system. The first step is to realize it is a totally and completely different game than BJ, so you shouldn't use anything you learned about BJ when thinking about SP21. 6 billion rounds, the loss of the first player to act was 0. For other situations in which you should or should not play the Burn bet, refer to a full Burn strategy chart and don’t forget about the basic Blackjack strategy you should always apply to make the most of your original wager. The strategy for such blackjack variation as Spanish 21 was developed by many different blackjack experts, including Arnold Snyder and John Grochowski: actually, these two blackjack authors were the most successful ones who perfectly described Spanish 21. She offers basic strategy charts for 3 common Spanish 21 rules and adjustments to these charts for 7 Pontoon games. Officially licensed by MLB, MiLB, and the MLBPA, Out of the Park Baseball 21 is a strategy & sports gaming fan's dream come true and the only game ever to win Metacritic PC Game of the Year Award. Basic Strategy 9 How to use the charts 11 trategy charts Super bonus 13 Redoubling notes 13, Learning basic strategy 18 Using Casino Vérité 20 4,. newbiebj • 5 yr. 76% in Spanish 21 and can be reduced by 1%, respectively. The house edge can be dropped to less than 1% if we follow basic, optimal strategy, making Spanish 21, like traditional blackjack, an ideal game for those who want larger control over their returns. Clearly. BASIC STRATEGY – DEALER HITS ON. Brock windsor posted charts 2-3months ago on > Blackjack info. But do consider doubling after a split. In his 1960s book Beat the Dealer, Edward O. Counters will vary from basic strategy when the true count indicates. Basic Strategy for Spanish 21 And How It Differs From Regular Blackjack. How To Beat Spanish 21 Blackjack; Introduction: Blackjack: The War for the Money Section I: The Mystery History 1 The Long, Slow Birth of the Most Popular Casino Card Game in the World In the Beginning. Can anyone help? login; register for free. Spanish 21 (99. 2 reviews for Spanish 21 Basic Strategy Card. Spanish 21 basic strategy is a crucial component of success in this exciting variation of blackjack. Remember this and the following key points and use them to your advantage – getting the hang of the gameplay is practically the basic strategy for winning at Spanish 21. The house edge in Spanish 21 can be typically reduced by 1% and falls in the range of 0. When learning these numbers and short phrases, the objective is to be able to quickly recall the rule in your brain when you see the total of your cards. Always stand when your total is a hard 17 or higher. One of the major differences in Spanish 21 is that players’ hand worth of 21 always beats the dealer’s, regardless of the dealer’s hand. However, if you want to minimize your chances of losing, read our Spanish 21 strategy guide. Spanish 21, Super 21, Perfect Pairs, Switch, and Double Exposure become important additions to the site. Using the standard valuation of 50% of value for a match-play coupon (so a $50 match play coupon, is actually worth $25, give or take, in cash), this means you can surrender and only lose. Initially, we discussed the strategy chart. When the dealer stands on a soft 17, or redoubling is allowed, Spanish 21 may be a better bet than blackjack, but that all depends on the specific rules on where you are playing. Here is an example of a basic blackjack strategy chart for singe deck blackjack to get you started:The primary differences in game play for Spanish 21 lie in remembering that you do not have 10s in the deck and taking advantage of different betting strategies, which can give you payouts for different combinations. 62% with early surrender and 0. The value of the ace will be 1 instead of being 1 or 11. . The basic blackjack strategy involves various moves, such as standing when your hand value is 12–16 when the dealer has 2–6 and hitting if your hand is 12–16 when the dealer has 7–ace. Always stand with. The list below consists of the basic strategy for hard hands. Each basic strategy play is represented by 1 to 3 characters. Spanish 21 book. This involves using a Spanish 21 strategy chart to guide your decisions based on the probability of winning in any given situation. In Spanish 21, a player’s Blackjack always wins over the dealer’s Blackjack, a rule shift that certainly tilts the odds slightly more in favor of the player. That aside. 0 0 . Spanish 21 Basic Strategy CardThe game Spanish 21 is a variation of blackjack, that in some cases is the best bet in the casino. Check Details. Blackjack Advanced Strategy Cards: View Instructions. Quizlet flashcards, activities and games help you improve your grades. Spanish 21 is a variation of the standard game Blackjack with a few differences. Spanish 21 Chart Basic Strategy Table 21 - Blackjack 'Basic Strategy' Chart In his 1960s book Beat the Dealer, Edward O. S. No charts or strategies guarantee a win. A 21 hand consisting of 6-7-8 or 7-7-7 of mixed suits payouts out 3 to 2, or 2 to 1 of the same suit. Whether the dealer hits or stands on soft 17, you can find the best move for your hand and the number of decks. Chart blackjack assumes Blackjack livedealer bessere kartenspiel Blackjack history – vingt-et-un, 21, card counting & faq Blackjack h17 betting roulette bet. 15 stands against dealer 2 through 6, otherwise hit. I have A7-11S. 6-7-8. Why Play 21 Burn Blackjack. Martingale relies on the fact that every bet has a 50% chance to win and 1:1 betting odds. Spanish 21 blackjack The Wizard of Odds states Spanish 21 is a better bet for the player than traditional BJ using his strategy charts, if the dealer stands on S17 or redoubling is allowed but he ignores card counting in his evaluation. 21 - Blackjack 'Basic Strategy' Chart In his 1960s book Beat the Dealer, Edward O. Step 2. Hard 10: Double down if the dealer shows. Rules: 8 decks with all King cards removed. Spanish 21 house edge. This would be called Spanish 21 on a land based casino if you could find it. On first glance, one would think that the absence of the high paying 678, 777, and 6+ card 21 bonuses would not affect the basic strategy -- but then I wonder if that is true for player hands like 67, 77, and 68 against, say, a dealer. There are two reasons for this. This is what the basic structure of Spanish 21 blackjack looks like: The game is played between the dealer and 1 to 7 players. Thorp introduced a calculated method for winning at blackjack. 5% are possible at normal penetrations from counting 6-deck Spanish 21,. The strategies to play Spanish 21 is very close to that of blackjack. 3 card 21 with all suited 7s pays out a whopping $1,00 bonus! Basic Spanish 21 Strategy Chart. 3 – Spanish 21 Basic Strategy. There are no Spanish 21 strategy tips greater than mastery of the game. These are bad totals for you, so make sure you split. Chapter 4 provides a statistical analysis of the game including chances of a dealer busting for various upcards (taken from Lenny Frome's classic booklet Expert Strategy for Spanish 21) and the frequency of bonus hands. Learn the basic strategy: The best way to increase your chances of winning at Spanish 21 is to learn the optimal strategy for the game. However unlike Blackjack, as the dealer does not have an upcard on show, this strategy cannot take into account the dealer’s hand information. Snyder in his book (The Big Book of Blackjack); he had made an attempt to explain its main aspects for average. How To Use The Blackjack Strategy. Spanish 21 strategy is a little different than that of blackjack because of the differences in the rules. If you were counting using this chart, the deviations would make your play using this chart nearly optimal. thorp. Spanish 21 is a preferred variation of the basic game of blackjack. According to Griffin, each increase by 1 of the running count improves the player’s advantage by +0. 56%. Surrender is only necessary if you are playing the Easy Money Blackjack system. Blackjack Basic Strategy Chart is a powerful tool for any blackjack player. To begin your tutelage on Spanish 21's optimal strategy, start off with the most obvious plays. 45% and 0. The single most important thing that you need to understand about the game of blackjack is that it is a game of player decisions. Keep in mind that a casino’s mathematical advantage against you can change, depending on the number of decks they use and the rules of the game they offer. After bets are placed by the blackjack players, generally based on the dealer's upcard, the dealer deals cards to the house and each player. The best way to learn basic blackjack strategy is. l5%. You’ll find three basic strategy charts for Spanish 21, including the variations that depend on whether the dealer hits or stands on soft 17 and whether “redoubling” (doubling down after you’ve already doubled down, which is allowed in some Vegas casinos) in Appendix B. I used the Spanish 21 basic strategy but the rules are different than traditional Spanish 21. TonyDee. In Blackjack, the dealer is bound by the rules of play: The dealer must stand on 17, continue to draw if a hand is less than 17, and stand when the total is from 17. Knowing these numbers, the best possible way to play Spanish 21 is with a six-deck shoe while the dealer must stand on soft 17. Blackjack Side Bets: Find out how these tricky wagers work in blackjack. 9/9 vs 7, stand). Your £10 bet becomes a £15 win. When the dealer stands on a soft 17, or redoubling is allowed, Spanish 21 may be a better bet than blackjack, but that all depends on the specific rules on where you are playing. Fill out the correct decisions as best you can, then compare it to the chart you’re trying to memorize. If the player has 21, their hand always supersedes the dealer’s 21; The house edge falls in the range of 0. You will receive 3:2 payments if you find several five cards to put in equal to 21. 40%. Spanish 21 is a difficult game to learn by most standards. 22P: Player pushes against dealer 22: 3UP: Play one hand against 3 dealer upcards: 5: Five card 21 pays 2 to 1: 5555: Bonus hand available. Span 21 B. For instance, after a loss, you'd double your bet on the next hand. It is only available on the first hand after a shuffle. Spanish 21 is one of the most well-liked blackjack variations. , a gaming publishing company based in Colorado. Drawing a hand of higher value than the dealer’s hand, without going over 21. All you need to do is keep track of 2 cards – Aces and Fives. The other is played in Australia, and is very similar to what is called Spanish 21 in North America. A five-card hand worth 21 pays 3 to 2. 6% but it is a beatable game if you can’t/don’t want to play regular BJ. Basic Strategy: The basic strategy is a set of guidelines that tell players what to do based on their hand and the dealer’s up-card. Spanish 21 is played with a deck of cards with all the pip tens removed; The removal of the tens increases the house edge roughly 2%. 76% when a basic strategy is applied. It is based on mathematical probabilities and is designed to reduce the house edge to as low as 0. I used the Spanish 21 basic strategy but the rules are different than traditional Spanish 21. Always stand when your total is a hard 17 or higher. It’s free on their site , at least it always used to be free. A blackjack strategy chart is a useful tool to learn what you should do in certain situations to increase your chances of winning. No charts or strategies guarantee a win. The basic strategy is similar. This is something that veteran players are well aware of. If applicable, the character farthest to the right takes precedence. 76%, which not bad. Similar to what Dud said, house edge is typically 0. 2. In other words, a basic strategy chart would tell you the mathematically best play in every possible situation you might encounter during the course of play. 6 Card 21 pays out 2-1. Featured Blackjack. In all cases, if you cannot double down, hit instead. Of particular interest is whether the player sometimes (when the. We’ve put together a list of common blackjack terms and definitions that should get you up to speed. Ace and 10 after splitting aces pays 3 to 2 : I have an unconfirmed report that at at one time the Meskaki casino in central Iowa paid 3 to 2 on an ace and 10 after splitting aces. So if you're playing Spanish 21: under, shall we say, the normal rules where the dealer hits the soft 17 and you cannot double after doubling, then the house advantage is 0. In a blackjack game, the goal is to beat the dealer’s hand without exceeding the value of 21. The basic strategy chart displays the recommended move for every possible combination of player hand and. Either way, those games aren’t the kind of blackjack that makes anyone money except the casino. : 342 It is the most widely played casino banking game in the world. 0 1 . Strategies Spanish 21 Spanish 21-How To Play: Basic Strategy, Odds, and Tips Share this article! There are plenty of online casino games, and the ones that are played with cards are the most popular ones. All the 10s cards are removed from the deck, with just 48 cards in the game. Use this information to calculate the count per deck or “true count”. Equivalent to the basic strategy in the standard variant, Spanish 21 charts dictate the optimal strategy to win. For example, in some games, the dealer must stand on a Soft 17, that is, an Ace, plus any. Playing casino games on a cruise ship is not much different from playing at a land casino, but there are some slight differences to prepare for when sailing. And if you’re slowing down. BASIC STRATEGY – DEALER STANDS ON SOFT 17. That means you win $300 for every $200 bet at 3:2, or $200 for every $100 bet at 2:1. Basic Strategy: Elevate your blackjack skills with these tactics and charts. 21 Basic Strategy Card; Basic Blackjack Chart; Blackjack 21 Basic Strategy; Spanish 21 Basic Strategy; Basic strategy is not enough! We get emails from people all the time talking about how they downloaded our blackjack charts, took them to a casino, and won some money. The basic Spanish 21 strategy was described by Mr. In Spanish 21, always stand when the total is 18 or more than that and when the total is less than that of 8, always hit. The free flash game we have on this page has extra features that increase your odds and make the game a lot more fun to play. The discrepancy is quite large, which makes insurance bets. By using the strategy chart and taking advantage of the unique rule variations and bonus payouts offered in the game, players can increase their chances of winning and have a fun and rewarding experience at the table. Thorp introduced a calculated method for winning at blackjack. This is because all of the 10s are removed. If you are using basic Spanish Blackjack strategy, the house edge is between 0. Spanish 21 uses multiple decks of cards, usually 6 or 8 decks. g. One card shows the Hi-Lo index numbers printed as small numbers in the. The optimal bets can be greatly affected by penetration. See 21+3. I played at the Cosmo with the Wizards Strategy chart and the pit boss said I should just play it like Black Jack and would not stop talking long enough for me to use it and play. Each basic strategy play is represented by 1 to 3 characters. I like to play Spanish 21 but the strategy is a bit more involved ( I am still trying to learn it) than basic strategy in Black Jack . It's pretty easy to remember the few differences after you learn one or the other. Blackjack: Basic Strategy – the Most Popular Approaches. triple 7 and 6-7-8 of spades are paid according to 3:1 ratio. 3%, and the house edge is 9. Most likely, if you are a fan of blackjack or other card games, understanding strategies will not be new to you. Discover effective tips and strategies to get the best out of this game. See how much fun money you can win and enjoy. He's taught and entertained over 100,000 subscribers on his YouTube channel NeverSplit10's . While blackjack is sometimes played with one card deck (with multi-deck blackjack variations), Spanish 21 is almost always played with six to eight decks. Games in Rafina Greece . A 21 composed of 6-7-8 or 7-7-7 of mixed suits pays 3:2, of the same suit pays 2:1, and of spades pays 3:1. With hard hands of 17-21, always stand. Always stick to games that pay the full 3:2. 40%. Every other card remains and functions as it does in blackjack, including the Kings, Queens, and Jacks, which are still valued at 10. The following table shows the basic strategy for Player's Edge 21, which is the same as that for Spanish 21 when re-doubling is allowed. Sit down with a pen and a printout of your blank basic strategy chart. Spanish 21 is a game that requires strategy and skill to win, making it an exciting game to play. Luckily, it isn’t too hard to find strategy charts for Spanish 21 online, and that is a much better option than either trying to memorize the correct plays or figuring it out as you play. 78% – 0. Read on for more details about this online casino game. Basic Strategy: A collection of the mathematically best plays in every situation given the rules being used in a blackjack game. With most blackjack games card counting is often the number one strategy. It is slightly different from the standard blackjack strategy chart since there are fewer cards in each deck. While blackjack is a fairly easy game to play, there’s a lot of lingo that can seem almost foreign to a new player. ] chart and what to do a casino in Falls View Ontario. Meet Mr Blackjack. So with all the tens in the shoe, the player edge would be 1. Same goes for some casinos near the Canadian borders like Buffalo and Detroit. Basic Strategy: The basic strategy is a set of guidelines that tell players what to do based on their hand and the dealer’s up-card. But when you sit down to gamble real money at the Spanish 21 tables, you’re not only permitted to make these adventurous plays, you’re encouraged to do so. The Pro's Guide to Spanish 21 and Australian Pontoon - Free ebook download as PDF File (. All cards have the same value as in blackjack. Spanish 21 calls for a much different kind of strategy. The following strategy for Spanish 21 is a basic one, but if followed precisely, will deliver the 99. This is also the case with Spanish 21. Hitting on 13 when the dealer and having a face card, I received a face card and busted. I like that I was. A standard basic strategy chart can only provide you with the strategy for one set of rules, such as dealer hits on soft 17, limiting your mastery to just one game. Of spades, the payouts is 3 to 1.